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Residence and Scope Of Total Income (Section 5)

Written by: CHETNAA GOYAL Posted on: 18 January, 2023

RESIDENCE AND SCOPE OF TOTAL INCOME

Section 5 provides the scope of total income in terms of the residential status of the assessee because the incidence of tax on any person depends upon his residential status. The scope of total income of an assessee depends upon the following three important considerations:

the residential status of the assessee
the place of accrual or receipt of income, whether actual or deemed and
the point of time at which the income had accrued to or was received by or on behalf of the assessee.

The ambit of total income of the three classes of assessees would be as follows:

1. Resident and ordinarily resident

The total income of a resident assessee would, under section 5(1), consist of:

income received or deemed to be received in India during the previous year
income which accrues or arises or is deemed to accrue or arise in India during the previous year and
income which accrues or arises outside India even if it is not received or brought into India during the previous year.

In simpler terms, a resident and ordinarily resident has to pay tax on the total income accrued or deemed to accrue, received or deemed to be received in or outside India during the relevant previous year.

2. Resident but not ordinarily resident

Under section 5(1), the computation of total income of resident but not ordinarily resident is the same as in the case of resident and ordinarily resident stated above except for the fact that the income accruing or arising to him outside India is not to be included in his total income.

However, where such income is derived from a business controlled in or profession set up in India, then it must be included in his total income even though it accrues or arises outside India.

3. Non Resident

A non-resident’s total income under section 5(2) includes:

income received or deemed to be received in India in the previous year and
income which accrues or arises or is deemed to accrue or arise in India during the previous year.

Note: All assessees, whether resident or not, are chargeable to tax in respect of their income accrued, arisen, received or deemed to accrue, arise or to be received in India whereas residents alone (resident and ordinarily resident in the case of individuals and HUF) are also chargeable to tax in respect of income which accrues or arises outside India.

Clarification regarding liability to income-tax in India of a non-resident seafarer receiving remuneration in NRE (Non-Resident External) account maintained with an Indian Bank [Circular No.13/2017, dated 11.04.2017 and Circular No.17/2017, dated 26.04.2017]

Income by way of salary, received by non-resident seafarers, for services rendered outside India on foreign ships, is being subjected to tax in India for the reason that the salary has been received by the seafarer into the NRE bank account maintained in India by the seafarer. On receiving representations in this regard, the CBDT examined the matter and noted that section 5(2)(a) of the Income-tax Act, 1961 provides that only such income of a non-resident shall be subjected to tax in India that is either received or is deemed to be received in India.

Accordingly, the CBDT has, vide this circular, clarified that salary accrued to a non-resident seafarer for services rendered outside India on a foreign going ship (with Indian flag or foreign flag) shall not be included in the total income merely because the said salary has been credited in the NRE account maintained with an Indian bank by the seafarer.

Residential Status and Scope of Total Income: Whether the following incomes are to be included in Total Income?

Scope of total Income	Resident and Ordinarily Resident	Resident but not Ordinarily Resident	Non- Resident
Income received or deemed to be received in India during the previous year	Yes	Yes	Yes
Income accruing or arising or deeming to accrue or arise in India during the previous year	Yes	Yes	Yes
Income accruing or arising outside India during the previous year	Yes, even if such income is not received or brought into India during the previous year	Yes, but only if such income is derived from a business controlled in or profession set up in India; Otherwise, No	No

Meaning of “Income received or deemed to be received”

All assessees are liable to tax in respect of the income received or deemed to be received by them in India during the previous year irrespective of

their residential status, and
the place of its accrual.

Income is to be included in the total income of the assessee immediately on its actual or deemed receipt. The receipt of income refers to only the first occasion when the recipient gets the money under his control. Therefore, when once an amount is received as income, remittance or transmission of that amount from one place or person to another does not constitute receipt of income in the hands of the subsequent recipient or at the place of subsequent receipt.

Meaning of income ‘accruing’ and ‘arising’

Accrue refers to the right to receive income, whereas due refers to the right to enforce payment of the same. For e.g. salary for work done in December will accrue throughout the month, day to day, but will become due on the salary bill being passed on 31st December or 1st January.

Similarly, on Government securities, interest payable on specified dates arise during the period of holding, day to day, but will become due for payment on the specified dates.

Example

Interest on Government securities is usually payable on specified dates, say on 1st January and 1st July. In all such cases, the interest would be said to accrue from 1st July to 31st December and on 1st January, it will fall due for payment.

It must be noted that income which has been taxed on accrual basis cannot be assessed again on receipt basis, as it will amount to double taxation.

With a view to removing difficulties and clarifying doubts in the taxation of income, Explanation 1 to section 5 specifically provides that an item of income accruing or arising outside India shall not be deemed to be received in India merely because it is taken into account in a balance sheet prepared in India.

Further, Explanation 2 to section 5 makes it clear that once an item of income is included in the assessee’s total income and subjected to tax on the ground of its accrual/ deemed accrual, it cannot again be included in the person’s total income and subjected to tax either in the same or in a subsequent year on the ground of its receipt - whether actual or deemed.

Income deemed to accrue or arise in India [Section 9]

Under section 9, certain types of income are deemed to accrue or arise in India even though they may actually accrue or arise outside India. The categories of income which are deemed to accrue or arise in India are given below in this chart:

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CHETNAA GOYAL

FCA, B.COM, More than 10 years of Experience in Direct Tax